Svitlana Dotsiuk

The purpose of the study is to provide a theoretical and methodological justification for approaches to assessing the environmental and economic efficiency of various types of economic activity based on comparing costs for environmental protection measures (waste management and soil and water protection) with the actual volume of environmental services provided. The study is based on the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method as a nonparametric assessment tool. A graphical method was used to construct lines of technical efficiency and inefficiency, and the boundary lines. The analytical tools were supplemented by the calculation of coverage coefficients, as well as the author's development of two complementary indices: the index of the need to increase the volume of services (INIVS) and the imbalance coefficient (IF), based on which a matrix of the spatial distribution of industries was constructed. The study was conducted based on statistical data from Ukraine for 2023. A deep asymmetry of environmental and economic efficiency was revealed in the context of types of economic activity. It is proven that the agricultural sector (agriculture, forestry, and fisheries) and the extractive industry are in a state of critical inefficiency: the volume of their environmental protection costs exceeds the volume of implemented environmental services by a factor of 1,000. Instead, the processing industry, electricity supply, and water supply serve as benchmarks for efficiency. It has been established that the low efficiency of the agricultural sector is due not so much to a lack of funding as to a critically low level of actual implementation of environmental services in response to the costs incurred. The paper first proposes a complex matrix model for classifying types of economic activity by the level of environmental and economic efficiency and the nature of structural imbalance (INIVS × IF). The method for analyzing the operating environment is specifically adapted for assessing environmental costs (where the production factors are the costs of waste management and soil/water protection, and the result is the volume of environmental services). The proposed approach forms a universal toolkit for strategic management of environmental activities at the macro and meso levels. The distribution matrix allows state bodies and top management to identify "bottlenecks", justify targeted mechanisms for transferring positive experience from reference industries to problem ones, and also optimize the distribution of investments in the green economy (in particular, in the field of rational land use).

The main aspects of the introduction of a cognitive approach to assessing and forecasting indicators of financial stability of the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, which allows increasing the competitiveness of the enterprises in conditions of uncertainty, have been substantiated. The financial statements of enterprises were used, which allowed, on the basis of calculation of current liquidity, solvency, maneuverability of equity, provision of own working capital, financial leverage and autonomy, to determine the intervals of values for the analyzed indicators and parameters (vertices) of trapezoidal functions. The «Fuzzy Logic Toolbox» is used according to the algorithm of fuzzy output of the Mamdani software package «MATLAB») in order to construct the boundary of linguistic term-sets of evaluation criteria for processing inaccurate, incomplete or contradictory data, which is typical for real economic situations. A model for assessing the financial stability of the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex has been built, which is a matrix in which five qualitative levels («very low», «low», «medium», «high» and «very high») are the columns of the matrix, and the analyzed indicators are the rows of the matrix, their intersection, in turn, are the levels of belonging of quantitative levels of factors to certain qualitative classes. The membership levels in fuzzy subsets were calculated from the term set of variable values and the quantitative value of the aggregated indicator, which allowed linguistic recognition of the degree of financial stability of the enterprises of agro-industrial complex. A classifier of levels of the aggregate indicator is proposed, in order to substantiate the financial stability of the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex based on the correspondence of the calculated values to the conditions of stable or unstable state. The most significant factors of influence on the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex in the context of strengthening competitiveness and stability in the market during the construction of graph models of the first and second levels of determining the financial stability of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex in a dynamic environment have been identified.

The purpose of the article is to identify and scientifically substantiate the main directions of increasing the competitiveness of agro-industrial enterprises based on an adaptive mechanism for responding to changes in the operating environment, which will ensure their stability, efficiency and ability to long-term development in the face of modern challenges. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study, aimed at revealing and substantiating the problem of increasing the competitiveness of agro-industrial enterprises in the face of adaptive response to changes in the operating environment, is a set of general and special scientific methods. In particular, the monographic method was used – for in-depth study of the essence of the problem; logical-theoretical – for the formation of conceptual approaches; statistical and economic-mathematical – for quantitative analysis of trends and relationships; visualization methods – for a visual display of the results obtained; systems analysis - for a comprehensive assessment of influencing factors; logical generalization and abstraction - for the formation of conclusions and proposals. The information base for the study was official materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, statistical yearbooks, as well as scientific publications and analytical developments of domestic and foreign scientists on the relevant topic. The results of the study showed that during 2020-2024, most enterprises in agriculture make a profit, and only a smaller number of enterprises have a loss from their activities. However, in 2022, the percentage of enterprises that have a loss increased from 11.3% to 21.5% compared to 2021. An analysis of the dynamics of the number of employed and hired workers at enterprises in agriculture in Ukraine for 2020-2024 allows us to conclude that there is a clear trend towards a reduction in the workforce during most of the analyzed period, with a further sign of stabilization at the final stage. It was also found that agricultural losses in the two years after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of Ukraine reached 10.3 billion USD. Thus, in the face of such challenges, taking into account the results obtained, the authors proposed a number of directions that contribute to increasing the competitiveness of agro-industrial complex enterprises based on an adaptive mechanism. Practical implications. The authors identified a set of factors that influence the formation of the goals of the functioning of agribusiness enterprises, and the basic components of the adaptive mechanism for responding to changes in the environment of the functioning of agrarian enterprises with the characteristics of each component. It was suggested that agricultural producers also consider the goal of “ensuring and increasing their competitiveness” as the basis along with the goal of “obtaining profit”, and also substantiated the need to implement an adaptive mechanism by agricultural formations. In order to study changes in the environment of the functioning of the agricultural sector, a number of relevant indicators were analyzed, in particular, the economic efficiency of agricultural enterprises; the number of employed and hired workers at enterprises in agriculture; losses by category caused to agriculture after a full-scale invasion, etc. Based on the analysis, the authors formed the appropriate conclusions, on the basis of which factors were identified that influence the competitiveness of agribusiness enterprises. In particular, martial law and existing state support programs for agricultural producers were examined in more detail among these factors. Value / originality. The value of the research is that, taking into account the negative impact of the war on the functioning of agricultural enterprises and the preservation of their competitiveness, the authors, in addition to the main areas of increasing the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises based on the adaptive mechanism, separately listed areas of creating competitive advantages for these enterprises in the post-war recovery. In particular, such areas are: modernization and technological progress, product diversification, development of cooperation and agricultural associations, development of human capital, technologization of management and digitalization of agribusiness, sustainable resource management.

The article is dedicated to the study of the mechanisms for ensuring economic development in rural areas of Ukraine by promoting energy independence and intensifying biofuel production. The subject of the research is the use of renewable energy sources, in particular biomass, as a tool for achieving energy autonomy and economic stability of rural communities. This is especially relevant in conditions of energy dependence on imported energy carriers. The study examines biomass as a resource with significant potential to meet local energy needs, create additional jobs and stimulate economic growth in rural areas. The paper discusses key aspects of the use of renewable energy sources, particularly biomass, in agriculture as an effective tool for local economic development, reducing dependence on traditional energy resources and increasing the country's energy security. The purpose of this article is to study the mechanisms of economic development of rural areas through energy independence and development of the biofuel sector. To achieve this goal, the article discusses the theoretical aspects of energy independence, analyzes current practices of biofuel production, and provides recommendations for their further implementation. Particular attention is paid to the role of bioenergy in reducing environmental risks and implementing sustainable solutions in rural hromadas (communities). The study analyses international experience in the development of the bioenergy sector and its adaptation to Ukrainian conditions, taking into account the natural and economic characteristics of rural areas. Key factors that facilitate the effective implementation of biofuel production projects are identified, including innovation, investment and government support. The methodological basis of the study includes the application of methods of comparative analysis, systematisation and statistical data processing. This comprehensive approach enabled an in-depth analysis of the opportunities and limitations of bioenergy in Ukraine, in particular by comparing biomass use practices in developed countries and identifying effective strategies for the Ukrainian context. The article also discusses the prospects for improving the regulatory framework to create favourable conditions for bioenergy development, the need for infrastructure improvements and the involvement of local communities in renewable energy projects. The economic and social benefits to rural communities of implementing bioenergy solutions are examined separately. The study puts forward a series of proposals for the advancement of Ukraine's bioenergy sector. These include the enhancement of financing mechanisms and the promotion of private initiatives. Furthermore, the paper explores the potential of agricultural waste as a foundation for biofuel production. It is hypothesised that this could enhance the economic efficiency of the agricultural sector and reduce reliance on imported energy resources. The primary findings demonstrate that the development of biomass-based bioenergy has the potential to contribute significantly to the enhancement of economic stability and social well-being within rural hromadas. In order to implement energy independence in an effective manner, there is a necessity to improve the legislative framework, encourage investment in biomass storage and transportation infrastructure, and foster collaboration between local governments and state institutions. The implementation of these measures will facilitate a gradual transition of rural regions to sustainable economic development by reducing dependency on external energy sources and supporting local biofuel production.

The article considers the problems of economic assessment of the effectiveness of environmental protection activities, which allows to determine the features of the development of the national economy of the state. The importance of environmental protection activities as a measure that forms ecological safety and creates opportunities for economic development is substantiated. It is proposed to carry out economic assessment based on the indicators of costs for payment for services, current expenses and the volume of services sold. The indicators are analyzed based on the use of the coefficient method, which made it possible to construct coefficients of coverage of the volume of services sold for payment and current expenses for environmental protection measures in Ukraine. It was found that the only type of economic activity where the volume of services sold exceeds all expenses is water supply, sewage and waste management. In the types of economic activity of construction, financial and insurance activities, public administration and defense, mandatory social insurance, there is an overlap in the volume of services sold with costs for payment, however. The effectiveness of environmental protection measures was assessed by the types of economic activity using the method of analyzing the operating environment, taking into account the amount of excess costs over the volume of services provided: from zero to one, from one to ten, from ten to one hundred and more than one hundred. The total efficiency coefficient was calculated in the context of the ratio to the total inefficiency coefficient, which allowed us to substantiate the trends in inefficiency and the reasons that contribute to its spread. It was proposed to take into account the trend in the formation of costs, in particular, the need to increase them if it is impossible to ensure greater implementation of environmental protection services.

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for identifying the institutional development of innovative activity to meet the needs of the national economy. Methodology. The following general scientific and special research methods were used in the research: monographic, logical-theoretical, statistical, economic-mathematical, system analysis, computational-analytical, abstract-logical methods, and generalization. Findings. According to the methodology of the analysis of the operating environment, the state of institutional development of innovative activity in Ukraine is determined by the construction of the direction of effective development of the national economy in the context of the formation of GDP by capital investments and the number of people employed in the national economy. It was determined that the efficiency line indicates the trends in the formation of innovative activity in the operating environment, which corresponds to the theoretical basis of the Cobb-Douglas-Tinbergen production function for the economy of Ukraine. Originality. For the first time, the mathematical apparatus of the Cobb-Douglas-Tinbergen production function has been tested to determine the level of scientific and technological progress of Ukraine. The methodological provisions of the analysis of the institutional development of innovative activity to meet the needs of the national economy on the basis of the formation of the functioning environment according to the macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine have gained further development. Practical value. The results can be used in the design and implementation of effective strategies for innovative development, as well as the formation of a policy to promote innovation activity in the modern economy. The data obtained in the course of the study can serve as a basis for the development of recommendations and tools aimed at creating a favorable institutional environment for innovation activity, which will contribute to increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.

This article discusses the topical problem of creating the export potential of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex in the context of European integration processes. The authors analyzed the main factors influencing the formation of export potential, including legislative, economic, technical and other aspects. In particular, the influence of European integration processes on the terms of foreign trade and export activities of agricultural enterprises is considered. The article also highlights the aspects of the formation of export potential in the context of European integration. Today, the agro-industrial complex is one of the largest and most important sectors of the Ukrainian economy. It is here that the bulk of food resources and almost three-quarters of retail turnover are formed. In addition, agro-industrial enterprises have a significant contribution to the development of the industry and the country's economy as a whole. The agricultural sector of Ukraine is also one of the key elements of the economic systems of many countries with market economies. The development of the export potential of agricultural products is a guarantee of economic growth as a whole, which includes, among other things, staff training and qualitative changes in the marketing system. The prospects for the successful formation of the export potential of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine in the conditions of European integration are that agricultural enterprises should focus on improving the quality of their products and compliance with international standards. This will allow them to take their place in international markets and compete with other countries. In addition, increasing the range of products will allow agricultural enterprises to optimize their competitiveness on foreign markets and reduce the risk of changes in export conditions. Improvement of transport links, customs procedures and storage conditions will ensure efficient and quick export of agricultural products.

The article highlights the theoretical essence of the concept of «entrepreneurship» and reveals the views of domestic scientists regarding this term. The rights used by business entities are reflected. The peculiarities of the development of entrepreneurship in the agrarian sphere are clarified, namely: the seasonal nature of production, an increase in the share of traditional goods and services, interaction with agricultural producers, the unique role of land as a production factor, and the creation of new opportunities for employment of the unemployed rural population. An equally important feature is that the economic process of reproduction is always closely intertwined with the natural one. The importance of signing the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, which creates an opportunity for business entities to produce products and look for better options for their implementation on the European market, is substantiated. The monthly dynamics and current state of the export of products were analyzed and appropriate conclusions were drawn regarding the factors that had a significant impact on the decrease of Ukrainian exports in 2022. The analysis of the export of agricultural products in 2022 by category was carried out and the ranking of the countries to which Ukraine exported the most grain crops was displayed. The importance of the use of sea transport, in which business entities are able to reduce costs for the delivery of Ukrainian agricultural products to the countries of the European Union and other countries, is noted. The article presents the importance of signing the Black Sea Grain Initiative, also known as the «grain agreement», which consists of two separate agreements with different contents: between the russian federation and the United Nations (hereinafter - the UN) with the participation of Turkey; between Ukraine and the UN with the participation of Turkey. The agreement gives our country the opportunity to export grain crops by sea transport, since the russian federation has taken responsibility not to attack the port infrastructure of Chornomorsk, Odesa and Yuzhnoye. However, in October 2022, the russian federation suspended its participation in the agreement.

The article substantiates the expediency of implementing organic agricultural production in order to ensure sustainable development and the restoration of post-war agriculture, and suggests ways of solving the problem of the utilisation of agricultural waste by agricultural enterprises. Methodology. In the process of research the scientific works of domestic scientists on the problems of development of entrepreneurship in the agrarian sector of economy were processed. In order to achieve the goal, general and special methods of scientific knowledge were used, namely: abstract-logical, methods of analogy and comparison, induction and deduction (for theoretical generalisation); monographic (for deepening the study of the state and features of development of agrarian entrepreneurship); formalisation method (for determining directions of solving the problem of waste disposal both in plant and animal production). Results. The results of the research show that entrepreneurial activity is spreading in Ukraine, because entrepreneurship contributes to the expansion of the field of application of agricultural labour, creates new opportunities for employment of the unemployed rural population and releases workers from inefficient enterprises. It has been established that the main task of these enterprises is to be competitive on the market and to sell products that are in demand by consumers. It was found that organic food products are superior to traditional products in terms of consumer parameters, but inferior in terms of economic parameters, especially price. It has been established that businesses, regardless of their form of ownership, are waste producers. It has been proven that the plant and animal husbandry sectors make a significant contribution to the generation of organic waste, and agricultural enterprises are therefore faced with the important task of effectively managing this waste. Practical implications. The introduction of zero-waste production is a decisive step towards the energy self-sufficiency of a farm by processing agricultural waste in biogas plants to produce an alternative fuel such as biofuel.