Silvia Elena Vouillat

The scientific method is defined as a series of basic rules, which should guide the generation of knowledge for the purpose of Science, that is, a scientific method is used for the investigation and verification of a certain topic. Being able to differentiate between theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge, as well as its social distribution between "those who think" and "those who execute", which, in turn, reflects a dubious educational system that differentiates general training from professional training. Combat the segmentation of knowledge at all educational levels. Promote the democratization of scientific and technological knowledge, disseminating it and critically integrating it into the productive activity of the communities. The scientific method requires systematic work, which seeks to promote answers to the questions investigated, leading to the formulation of a scientific theory. Then, it is up to the researcher, depending on the object and nature of the investigation, to select the most appropriate approach method for their scientific research. El método científico se define como una serie de reglas básicas, que deben orientar la generación de conocimiento con el fin de la Ciencia, es decir, se utiliza un método científico para la investigación y verificación de un determinado tema. Poder diferenciar entre conocimientos teóricos y conocimientos prácticos, así como su distribución social entre “los que piensan” y “los que ejecutan”, lo que, a su vez, refleja un dudoso sistema educativo que diferencia la formación general de la formación profesional. Combatir la segmentación del conocimiento en todos los niveles educativos. Promover la democratización del conocimiento científico y tecnológico, difundiéndolo e integrándolo críticamente a la actividad productiva de las comunidades. El método científico requiere un trabajo sistemático, que busca promover respuestas a las preguntas investigadas, conduciendo a la formulación de una teoría científica. Así, corresponde al investigador, dependiendo del objeto y la naturaleza de la investigación, seleccionar el método de abordaje más adecuado para su investigación científica. O método científico é definido como uma série de regras básicas, que devem nortear a geração do conhecimento para fins da Ciência, ou seja, um método científico é utilizado para a investigação e verificação de determinado tema. Ser capaz de diferenciar entre saber teórico e saber prático, bem como sua distribuição social entre “quem pensa” e “quem executa”, o que, por sua vez, reflete um sistema educacional dúbio que diferencia a formação geral da formação profissional. Combater a segmentação do conhecimento em todos os níveis educacionais. Promover a democratização do conhecimento científico e tecnológico, disseminando-o e integrando-o criticamente na atividade produtiva das comunidades. O método científico requer um trabalho sistemático, que busca promover respostas às questões investigadas, levando à formulação de uma teoria científica. Assim, cabe ao pesquisador, dependendo do objeto e da natureza da investigação, selecionar o método de abordagem mais adequado para sua pesquisa científica.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges, and one of the most critical aspects of this global crisis is its impact on the mental and cognitive health of people, particularly the elderly. This analysis delves into the intricate relationship between the pandemic and mental and cognitive health, emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing these effects in a demographic group often more vulnerable to the consequences of the disease and social distancing measures. Throughout the exposition, various key aspects of mental health are addressed, from its definition as a state of holistic well-being to its connection with social, economic, and cultural factors. It is stressed that mental health extends beyond the mere absence of mental disorders and influences not only the individual but also the community as a whole. The article presents evidence on the impact of social distancing, particularly confinement, as an essential measure to control the virus's spread. While effective in terms of physical health, it has also been shown to be a source of concern for the mental health of the population, especially among the elderly. The analysis suggests that confinement has led to increased sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, which can have negative effects on both physical and mental health, particularly in vulnerable groups. Additionally, concerns and anxieties related to one's own health and that of loved ones in the context of a pandemic are highlighted. Excessive focus on bodily vigilance and constant worry about possible symptoms have contributed to widespread psychological distress, further underscoring the need to address mental health during a pandemic. The article takes a pedagogical and didactic approach by dividing human development into physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects, with a focus on cognitive aspects as the core of the analysis. It explores cognition and its relation to information processing and knowledge acquisition, leading to an understanding of the human mind and the importance of its adaptability. Research on memory loss in the elderly, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, sheds light on the complexity of cognition and how factors like attention, motivation, emotional load, and lifestyle can influence memory. While changes in short-term memory are observed, it is emphasized that semantic memory tends to remain stable, highlighting the multifaceted nature of cognition. The analysis also explores gender differences in mental and cognitive health, noting that elderly women may be more prone to experiencing mental disorders, while mortality-related impacts are more severe in elderly men. However, it is emphasized that these patterns vary by country and other social contexts, highlighting the need to address mental health in a contextualized manner. Finally, the article addresses the relationship between chronic diseases and cognitive effects, with current evidence being diverse. Some studies suggest a positive association, while others do not find a significant relationship. Additionally, the importance of physical activity in maintaining the mental and cognitive health of the elderly is emphasized. In conclusion, the analysis provides a comprehensive view of mental and cognitive health during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting its importance and the various factors that influence it. Furthermore, it underscores the need to address these aspects holistically to ensure better well-being for the elderly, both during and after the pandemic.

Anxiety is a complex phenomenon. It involves aversive components in behavioral contingencies and can manifest in both respondent and operant contexts. Anxiety is a common emotion that serves as a warning signal in challenging situations but can become uncontrollable, leading to physical and mental health issues, especially in the elderly. Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive fear and constant worry, often linked to genetic, environmental, and age-related factors. These disorders can negatively affect the quality of life and increase the risk of suffering and disability, especially in the elderly. Research has shown an inverse relationship between clinical anxiety and the quality of life in older individuals, leading to higher distress levels, functional impairment, and increased healthcare costs. Anxiety is also associated with memory problems in the elderly, further impacting their well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the impact of anxiety on the emotional well-being of the elderly. Social isolation during the pandemic has led to symptoms of depression, loneliness, and anxiety in both young and older individuals. Changes in daily routines, uncertainty about the future, and grief due to loss of loved ones have intensified these emotional responses. The pandemic has exacerbated the immune system's decline in older individuals, further affecting their emotional well-being. Psychosocial consequences of social isolation are not exclusive to the pandemic and have been observed in previous episodes of isolation. The loss of friends or family members of the same age during the pandemic has intensified emotional responses, including sadness, post-traumatic stress syndrome, and persistent grieving symptoms. In conclusion, anxiety is a multifaceted phenomenon that profoundly impacts the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of the elderly. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of addressing anxiety in this population, not only for their immediate well-being but also for the potential long-term consequences. Targeted interventions and support systems are crucial to help the elderly manage and mitigate anxiety effectively.

Objective: to describe the knowledge, skills, and perceptions of the teaching and learning process of research among doctoral students in public health at a private university in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methodology: descriptive, quantitative, and cross-sectional study. The instruments "Self-assessment of knowledge and research skills" and "Perceptions and attitudes towards the teaching and learning process of research" were applied. Results: 107 doctoral students participated with a mean age of 47,55 years (SD: 7,96), the majority were female (73,83 %), with training in nursing (43,93 %) and medicine (16,82 %), in the process of writing their thesis (58,88 %) and foreigners (78,50 %). 55,14 % have research experience and 57,01 % have published at least one scientific article. The perception of the research teaching and learning process of the doctoral students received a mean of 3,70 (SD:0,59) out of 5,00 and the self-assessment of research knowledge and skills received a mean of 2,35 (SD:0,49) out of 3,00. Doctoral students who reported having published a scientific article and participated in research activities had better perceptions of research and better self-assessment of their research knowledge and skills. Conclusions: perceptions of the research teaching and learning process were mostly positive, and self-assessment of research knowledge and skills was moderately adequate.

O Canadá é um país localizado na América do Norte, sendo o segundo país do mundo em extensão territorial. Mesmo sendo um país tão grande, apresenta um sistema de saúde extremamente eficiente para seus usuários. A administração dos serviços de saúde e a prestação de serviços são altamente descentralizadas, embora a cobertura seja possível e garantida em todo o país. Em relação à pandemia da COVID-19, em geral, o governo federal e as províncias têm trabalhado juntos para reconhecer a magnitude dos desafios impostos pela pandemia. A criação dos quadros jurídicos relevantes e a afetação de recursos financeiros significativos através de estratégias especiais de financiamento têm permitido a adoção de medidas urgentes, incluindo medidas de apoio à economia e ao emprego, bem como à proteção social de grupos vulneráveis da sociedade.

Colombia está ubicada en América del Sur y su capital es la ciudad de Bogotá. Con más de 50 millones de habitantes, presenta uno de los más bien establecidos sistemas de salud de la America del sur y bien respetado en el mundo, pero en la práctica presenta muchos retos. El gasto sanitario corresponde aproximadamente al 17% del proyecto presupuestario y al 3,9% del PIB. Asimismo, subsisten fallas y quejas en la prestación de los servicios. Hay una tensión permanente entre pagadores y prestadores. Una mejor regulación y una supervisión más efectiva de los actores públicos y privados que participan en el sistema continúan siendo retos fundamentales. En abril de 2020, la cobertura de salud cubría al 95% de la población colombiana, con un 43% asociado al sistema contributivo, destinado a los trabajadores formales del sector y sus familias o poblaciones con capacidad de pago. Mientras tanto, el sistema de salud colombiano enfrenta una crisis de sostenibilidad financiera y, considerando la presión inherente a la innovación en el área de la salud, el gobierno colombiano desarrolla mecanismos regulatorios para controlar el costo de los medicamentos, enfocándose en la fijación de sus precios y, más recientemente, en negociaciones centralizadas. y compras.

Los Sistemas de Salud que existen actualmente están íntimamente relacionados con los tipos de protección social. En Salud, la protección social redistributiva socialdemócrata o institucional, basada en la ciudadanía e inspirada en la búsqueda de la aplicación de la justicia social, derivó en sistemas nacionales de salud, de carácter universal y financiados con impuestos. El Sistema de Salud español ha sufrido numerosos cambios en las últimas décadas (especialmente en los últimos años). Actualmente, inspirado en el Modelo Beveridge de abastecer la Salud de su población, presenta, hasta el día de hoy, numerosos desafíos que es necesario afrontar y, posteriormente, presentar cambios, para brindar una Salud Pública digna. De esta manera, conociendo la Historia, el contexto detrás de su formación y mantenimiento son de su importancia para trazar mejoras no meramente políticas, sino, sobre todo, que apunten a un servicio de calidad a sus usuarios. La protección de la salud de los ciudadanos es un derecho fundamental consagrado en la Constitución Española, y es deber de los poderes públicos garantizar tales beneficios. El Sistema Nacional de Salud en España está formado por todas las estructuras y servicios públicos al servicio de la salud en todos los niveles de gobierno – estatal, autonómico y local. Con muchos cambios en su estructura, en los últimos años, la Sanidad finalmente ha vuelto a ser universal –pero, en la práctica, esto no se percibe fácilmente en las Comunidades Autónomas.