Fabiola Cruz Navarro Soto

The objective of the study was to establish a relationship between social entrepreneurship and the principles of complex thinking in Peru. The research was quantitative, and non-experimental, with a probability sample of 166 entrepreneurs (X = 55.4 years; 52% women). It was concluded that the structural models for the general objective and the specific objectives were acceptable (YB-X2/gl<5 for both). The values for the general objective were rp= .855 (p<.001) and effect size of r2 = .73). For the specific objectives the correlations in all cases reported statistical significance below p<.001, with large effect size (r2 ≥.25). Therefore, this research established a positive relationship between social entrepreneurship and the principles of complex thinking, contributing to the theory of SE under the lens of complex thinking. DOI:https://doi.org/10.56238/alookdevelopv1-133

Given their increasing engagement with the global economy, emerging countries such as Peru depend on their export sector. This research evaluates the level of efficiency of Peruvian exports (EF) and the impact of four regional trade agreements (RTAs) (MERCOSUR, the EU, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and the Andean Community of Nations (CAN)), twelve bilateral agreements (BAs), the World Trade Organization (WTO), institutional distance (ID), cultural distance (CD), foreign direct investment (FDI), trade freedom (TF), and traditional (TX) and nontraditional exports (NTX) by sector on the export efficiency of Peru. This non-experimental study used a dataset of 38 countries from 1995 to 2019. An extended stochastic frontier gravity (SFGM) ten-variable model with the one-step estimation method was applied to estimate export efficiency. Poisson’s PML estimator was used to investigate the factors that impact export efficiency (EF). The results showed that the export efficiency of Peru was moderate, ranging between 0.462 and 0.458, with a stationary trend, indicating considerable export potential between Peru and its trading partners. The major contributors to this efficiency are ID (voice and accountability, corruption control, nonadherence to the rule of law), NTX (chemicals and metal mechanics), and BA with American countries. On the other hand, CD (indulgence, long-term orientation, individualism, uncertainty, and lack of a culture of achievement), TF, agreements with MERCOSUR and the EU, FDI, and TX weakened the efficiency of exports. Finally, CAN, EFTA, BA with Asian countries, FDI, TX, and WTO did not have a significant effect on the EF. Recommendations to policy makers are presented.

Technological progress in international logistics is intensifying in order to speed up import and export processes in Customs. A form of automated service that allows to speed up in advance the commercial management being an international guideline. The aim of the research was to analyse the transformation of customs processes in our reality. A qualitative approach was used, using grounded theory with a cross-sectional and exploratory scope. A semi-structured interview was conducted with twenty customs agency officials. The analysis of the interviews led to the conclusion that the changes implemented in the digital transformation of Peruvian customs have been favourable, contributing to improvements in foreign trade.

The overall objective of the research was to classify port systems for competitiveness by implementation criteria, continents and indicators of port functional competitiveness. It used a qualitative approach and was applied. The research design was thematic narrative due to the variety of information used in reference documents based on the theme of classification of port systems for competitiveness. A classification with 18 criteria was designed by assessing their fulfilment in the different port systems based on the literature reviewed. They were also classified by level of implementation, by countries in which they have been implemented and by port competitiveness indicators. The port community and the automatic identification system are focused on improving the flow of information, while the terminal operation system, the automated gate system and the truck appointment system are focused on optimising the operations carried out in the ports, four levels were detailed, from the first level, where there is only an individual digital transformation and where the systems improve internal processes, to the last level where absolutely everything is integrated and there is a complete replacement of paper-based processes by electronic processes through systems and technologies.

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of managerial skills on the business model of small firms. The design was non-experimental and explanatory; the sample consisted of 181 leaders and managers of small enterprises. The instrument used was the management skills and business model questionnaire. It was concluded that the three managerial skills together explain: (1) 65,5 % the business model; (2) 60,5 % the knowledge of the firm's external factors and (3) 49,3 % the knowledge of internal factors. Furthermore, the managerial skills that explain the business model from highest to lowest are: (1) technical skill 47,1 %, (2) conceptual skill 34 % and (3) human skill 24 %. Therefore, the study showed that managerial skills are positive and significant for the performance of the business model. Finally, it is recommended to conduct further studies in small enterprises considering specific economic sectors.

Este trabajo presenta las primeras aproximaciones sobre la educación para el emprendimiento (EE) en la intención emprendedora (IE) utilizando una encuesta ex ante y ex post. Para ello se ejecutó un estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasi-experimental. Los datos se recogieron mediante un instrumento adaptado de Miranda et al. (2017) en una muestra de 71 estudiantes de una universidad peruana. Los resultados indicaron que la EE tuvo impacto en la IE de los estudiantes. Los resultados también indicaron que la EE tuvo impacto en los factores individuales: autoconfianza, actitud emprendedora, creatividad y experiencia previa en emprendimiento y no tuvo impacto en los factores del contexto. Los hallazgos contribuyen a la EE y se concluye que se debe continuar con el estudio de la misma muestra hasta antes que los estudiantes egresen para analizar la evolución de la EE en la IE.

La presente investigación se enfoca en los factores críticos de éxito de la empresa exportadora, en cómo encara el reto de ingresar a un mercado ampliado. Se consideró a las empresas exportadoras peruanas de Lima de los sectores agroindustria, textil, manufactura y pesquería. Para el análisis facto-perceptible se agruparon los factores específicos que afectan la competitividad de las exportaciones dentro de dos variables: los factores críticos de éxito y las capacidades de las empresas. Objetivo del trabajo: establecer la relación de los factores críticos de éxito y las capacidades de las empresas exportadoras peruanas. Para sustentar la investigación se abordaron las siguientes teorías: Comercio internacional, Determinantes del desempeño exportador, Internacionalización de la firma y Capacidades de la empresa. El resultado obtenido confirma la hipótesis de que existe una relación significativa entre los factores críticos de éxito y las capacidades de las empresas exportadoras peruanas. En conclusión, las empresas objeto de estudio siguieron estrategias flexibles para desarrollar mercados extranjeros, con productos de alta calidad; adaptados a las normas y certificaciones de los mercados de destino; con precios de acuerdo al mercado, muchas veces ya establecido por el mismo; con promoción no estandarizada y con gerentes que conocían bien el mercado externo.Palabras clave: Precios, promoción, exportaciones, estrategia competitiva y comercio internacional.