Muhammad Ahdi Kurniawan

Hantaviruses are rodent-associated zoonotic RNA viruses responsible for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), two clinically distinct diseases characterized by vascular dysfunction and potentially severe organ failure. Their geographic distribution, antigenic diversity, and variable clinical outcomes complicate the development of broadly applicable medical countermeasures. The aim of this narrative review is to critically examine the molecular rationale, current evidence, and translational readiness of antiviral and vaccine strategies against hantavirus infections. Antiviral approaches include ribavirin, favipiravir, RNA interference, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, and investigational host-directed therapies, with particular attention to differences between human clinical evidence and findings from cell culture or animal models. Vaccine strategies are evaluated across regionally implemented inactivated vaccines, DNA candidates assessed in early-phase human trials, and recombinant protein, viral vector, and messenger RNA platforms that remain predominantly preclinical. The review also distinguishes vaccine immunogenicity, experimental protection, durability of immune responses, and clinical effectiveness. Major barriers to translation include virus-specific therapeutic responses, narrow treatment windows, targeted delivery, antigenic diversity, and the absence of validated correlates of protective immunity. This review highlights the experimental and clinical evidence needed to advance promising antiviral and vaccine candidates toward effective strategies for prevention and treatment of hantavirus infections.

A strategic research focus on fat modification in meat products aims to improve nutritional quality and lower health hazards related to consumption of cholesterol and saturated fat. The high percentage of animal fat found in conventional meat products is linked to a higher risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic syndrome. Thus, it is now crucial for the modern food business to create fat reformulation techniques that preserve sensory and functional qualities while enhancing the lipid profile. This study intends to assess different fat modification technologies in meat products, such as using oleogels and structured lipids, using fiber-and protein-based fat mimetics, and replacing animal fat with vegetable oils. This review also looks at how reformulation affects texture, emulsion stability, lipid oxidation, nutritional composition, and consumer sensory acceptability. Using keywords associated with fat modification and meat reformulation technology, a literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Publications from 2000 to 2026 were analyzed. The synthesis results show that fat modification, especially utilizing oleogelation techniques and stable emulsion systems, has the ability to boost unsaturated fatty acids and decrease saturated fat content without sacrificing sensory quality. Nonetheless, many formulations continue to encounter difficulties, such as altered texture and heightened oxidation susceptibility. All things considered, the development of lipid innovations in meat products presents the industry with substantial opportunity to create healthier goods without sacrificing quality, as well as to promote sustainable food reformulation and public health initiatives.

Escherichia coli normally inhabits the intestinal tract of poultry as a commensal organism; however, specific strains such as avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) may become opportunistic pathogens responsible for colibacillosis in birds. The inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase antimicrobial resistance, which may impact public health. This study aimed to detect the presence of the iroN virulence gene specifically in multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates associated with APEC obtained from duck cloacal swabs collected at live markets in Surabaya. This study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional survey, and the results are presented as prevalence proportions without inferential or correlation statistical testing, as iroN detection was performed exclusively on MDR isolates. Samples were collected from five live markets in Surabaya and cultured on MacConkey agar (MCA). E. coli was identified morphologically through Gram staining and biochemically using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM), Simmons Citrate Agar (SCA), indole, and methyl red–Voges–Proskauer (MR–VP) tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all confirmed E. coli isolates (n = 120), and PCR analysis of the iroN gene was subsequently conducted only on MDR isolates (n = 14). The identification rate of E. coli in this study was 83.3% (120/144). Resistance to erythromycin was 81.7% (98/120), which likely reflects the intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to macrolides rather than acquired antimicrobial resistance. This was followed by resistance to gentamicin at 19.2% (23/120), ciprofloxacin at 14.2% (17/120), aztreonam at 3.3% (4/120), and chloramphenicol at 2.5% (3/120). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 11.6% (14/120). Among these MDR isolates, 42.8% (6/14) were positive for the iroN virulence gene. No statistical association between MDR status and iroN carriage was assessed because non-MDR isolates were not screened for iroN. These findings provide baseline descriptive data on MDR and iroN-positive E. coli in traditional markets in Surabaya based on a limited panel of representative antimicrobial classes, without inferring specific resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production.

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis and remains a significant threat in Indonesia. The disease has a substantial impact on public health, livestock productivity, and economic stability, particularly in areas with traditional farming practices and limited animal health surveillance systems. This study aims to analyze the epidemiology of anthrax in Indonesia using the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health aspects. Data were collected from official government documents, such as the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as scientific literature obtained from reputable databases. The results indicated that approximately 76 % of Indonesia is categorized as suspect areas for anthrax, while 14 % are infected areas, with the highest prevalence in Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi. The primary risk factors include the consumption of non-veterinary inspected animal meat, unhygienic handling of carcasses, and the persistence of B. anthracis spores in the environment. Recommended control strategies include periodic livestock vaccination, conducting active surveillance, increasing public awareness, and enhancing the diagnostic laboratory's capacity. The One Health approach has proven effective in reducing the risk of cross-species transmission and improving responses to outbreaks. This study advocates for strengthening the integrated surveillance system, increasing synergy between sectors, and further research on the impact of climate change on zoonotic disease dynamics. With an integrated and collaborative strategy, Indonesia has a significant opportunity to control anthrax sustainably and enhance the resilience of public and animal health.

The frequency of canary imports continues to increase every year. Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that threatens human and animal health worldwide. Human interaction with birds as pets is a public health concern because it has the potential to increase zoonotic diseases. This study was conducted to identify the antibiotic resistance of E. coli using fecal swab samples of imported canaries from Malaysia. Samples were grown on an EMBA medium for the isolation test, Gram staining test, and IMViC test were performed to continue the identification test -Kirby-Bauer diffusion test - to determine antibiotic sensitivity. Based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests, the sample examination results showed 18% (27/150) were positive for E. coli, 16% (24/150) showed the highest resistance to tetracycline, 15,33% (23/150) amoxicillin, 12,66% (19/150) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 6% (9/150) ciprofloxacin, and 14,66% (22/150) isolates were confirmed MDR because they were resistant to three to four antibiotics. Further efforts are needed to understand and address the factors that lead to antibiotic resistance in the context of animal and public health. Prudent management of antibiotic use and monitoring of antibiotic resistance needs to be improved to maintain animal health and prevent the risk of transmission of resistant bacteria to humans.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a top priority for the WHO and the EU Commission, considering it a top 10 threat to global public health. This study provides an overview of the potential spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which exhibits multi-drug resistance (MDR), as a reservoir for the spread of resistance genes in the community. Samples were incubated on an MCA medium for isolation, followed by a Gram stain test and an IMViC test for further identification. The Kirby-Bauer diffusion test was used to determine antibiotic sensitivity. Based on the morphological characterization of the cultures, Gram stain results, and biochemical tests, it was found that, of the 150 samples isolated, 12 (8%) were positive for K. pneumoniae; 91.66% (11/12) of the isolates showed the highest level of resistance to amoxicillin, 83.33% (10/12) to tetracycline, 66.66% (8/12) to ciprofloxacin, and 66.66% (8/12) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. As many as 83.33% (10/12) were identified as MDR as they showed resistance to three to four types of antibiotics. Judicious use of antibiotics, including proper selection of antibiotics and monitoring of their usage patterns, is key to maintaining treatment effectiveness. Joint efforts from various parties are needed to optimize the use of antibiotics and minimize the risk of bacterial resistance.

Lamongan Regency, located in East Java, Indonesia, is a significant center for beef cattle production. Despite its prominence, studies on the identification and differentiation of Eimeria spp. parasites in this region are notably lacking. This research aims to address this gap by evaluating the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and identifying two pathogenic species: Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii. The study involved the collection of 250 fecal samples from beef cattle raised on smallholder farms across Lamongan. Sampling was conducted during the rainy season to optimize the detection of Eimeria infections. Using the sugar flotation method, Eimeria oocysts were isolated from 5–10 g of fecal matter per sample. Molecular identification employed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting ribosomal RNA’s internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region to detect the pathogenic species. Fecal examination using the Whitlock test revealed a prevalence of Eimeria spp. at 44.45% (111/250). PCR analysis further identified E. bovis with a 238 bp amplicon in Solokuro District and E. zuernii with a 344 bp amplicon in Tikung District, highlighting the presence of these two pathogenic species in distinct geographic areas. The findings underline the need for further research that includes expanded sampling from different regions and cattle breeds and the application of varied diagnostic methods. Such studies will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity, distribution, and epidemiology of E. bovis and E. zuernii in Indonesia, supporting improved cattle health and management practices in the region.

This study aims to analyze the variations in milk production and milk quality at the Maju Mapan Joint Business Group of Dairy Farmers in Malang before and after the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in dairy cows. This study used fresh cow milk from dairy farmers who were members of the Maju Mapan Joint Business Group of Dairy Farmers in Malang. Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents. Out of a total of 300 dairy farmers at the Maju Mapan Joint Business Group of Dairy Farmers, 30 dairy farmers were selected as respondents. A sample of 10% the dairy farmers was taken to determine milk production and quality by recording data on milk production. The data were analyzed using the normality test and paired t-test. The results suggested significant differences in milk production and milk quality before and after the FMD outbreak at the Maju Mapan Joint Business Group of Dairy Farmers in Malang.

Background: Laserpuncture is a technology that uses short-wave rays to receptors (acupuncture points) to increase the capacity and efficiency of organs to increase the productivity of animals’ livestock. This can improve feed efficiency to help breeders maximize their beef bull fattening business. Purpose: This study was to test the potential of laserpuncture and probiotics on body weight gain and the digestibility of crude protein in Madura bull. Methods: This study used 12 Madura bulls with an age range of 2-2.5 years. The bulls were divided into two treatment groups. The P1 group shot laserpuncture at a dose of 0.5 joules. The P2 group received laserpuncture at a dose of 0.5 joules with 5 ml of probiotics administration in 1 liter of water. Data was taken by recording the weight gain of Madurese bulls every week and the results of crude protein digestibility testing. The resulting data is then analyzed using the T-test. Results: This study showed no significant difference between P1 and P2 in male Madura cattle’s body weight gain and crude protein digestibility. Conclusion: The combination of laserpuncture at the growth point and probiotic administration in feed did not cause a significant difference in weight gain or digestibility of crude protein in male Madurese bull.