Herlina Fitrihidajati

Isnawati, Muhaimin FI, Rahayu DA, Fitrihidajati H, Ratnasari E. 2023. Probiotics formulated from indigenous bacteria from goat digestive tract and fed with fermented mixed feed Eichhornia crassipes and Zea mays cobs. Biodiversitas 24: 2906-2911. The provision of cellulolytic bacteria as probiotics in goat feed is crucial to their growth and health. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor the effects of providing cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of goats as probiotics in feed rations. Probiotic cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from the digestive tract of goat food fed with a fermented feed containing a combination of hyacinth and corn cob. In this study, the probiotic types are also different from other studies, namely Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus brevis, and Pseudomonas diminuta. Therefore, its effects on the vegetative and generative growth from various age groups and sexes of test goats are investigated. The goats tested were divided into two groups: fed with and without probiotics, with subgroups based on their sexes (male and female) and age groups (baby, juvenile, and adult). The tested goats were fed for 35 days, and their weight gain and sperm quality were observed; in general, weight gain was observed in goats fed the probiotics. Furthermore, the quality of spermatozoa in adult male goats fed with probiotics is higher than without probiotics, which includes its viability (52.2% to 36.9%), motility (48.1% and ++++ to 33.2% and ++), volume and concentration (1.05 mL/ejaculate with 3.7×10⁹ cells/mL to 0.55 mL/ejaculated with 2.6×10⁹ cells/mL). Based on the results, adding cellulolytic bacterial probiotics to the feed promotes the vegetative growth of goats in different age groups, in male and female goats. Also, it improves reproductive performance in adult male test goats.

Bioindikator logam berat Pb pada perairan dapat diketahui dari tumbuhan aquatic terapung. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengeksplorasi tumbuhan aquatic terapung yang dapat berfungsi sebagai bioindikator Pb. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan observasional in situ. Data diambil secara purposif di tiga stasiun dan masing-masing berjarak 600m. Parameter penelitian yang di ukur meliputi diversitas dan densitas tumbuhan akuatik terapung, kadar Pb pada tumbuhan akuatik dan air sungai, serta faktor fisik dan kimia perairan (suhu, pH, kadar oksigen terlarut dan BOD). Identifikasi tumbuhan akuatik terapung menggunakan aplikasi PlanNet. Pengukuran parameter kualitas air secara in situ di laboratorium Ekologi Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Kadar Pb dianalisis dengan metode AAS. Analisis data secara statistik dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan empat jenis tumbuhan akuatik terapung diantaranya Ipomoea aquatica, Eichhornia crassipes, , Lemna minor, serta Salvinia molesta dengan indeks biodiversitas stasiun 1=0,546 (kategori rendah) , stasiun 2= 1,159 (kategori sedang), dan stasiun 3= 0,929 (kategori rendah). Tumbuhan akuatik terapung yang paling dominan adalah Eichhornia crassipes ditemukan pada semua stasiun. Kadar Pb tumbuhan akuatik terapung 0,068 mg/Kg diatas baku mutu (0,008 mg/Kg) dan kadar Pb air 0,003 mg/L masih dibawah baku mutu. Stasiun 2 (area pembuangan limbah) mengandung kadar Pb paling tinggi dengan nilai 0.004 mg/L. Disimpulkan tumbuhan akuatik terapung yang terdapat di area sungai Brantas Mojokerto, dapat digunakan untuk bioindikator Pb.

The purposed of this research was 1) described the nutrient quality of organic fertilizer made from water hyacinth with the addition of corncobs waste and soybean dregs, 2) described the difference in quality of the organic fertilizer made from water hyacinth with the addition of corncobs waste and soybean dregs, 3) described the best quality from organic fertilizer made from water hyacinth with the addition of corncobs waste and soybean dregs. The method of this research was experimental with completely randomized design. The experiment consisted of one treatment factor namely the type of raw material water hyacinth which included three types, namely P1: with the addition of corncobs waste; P2: with the addition of soybean dregs; P3: with the addition of corncobs waste and soybean dregs (50%:50% ratio). Each type of treatment was carried out three times so that the sample amounted 9. The measured parameters were nutrient content included C, N, C/N, P, K, and pH. The research was conducted at the Ecology Laboratory, FMIPA, Unesa. Data was analysed by descriptively quantitative and statistically used 1-way Anava. The results showed that 1) Based on the criteria of soil chemical properties, organic fertilizer content has the same quality in elements C, N, K, C/N (very high), pH neutral, and P was very low, 2) There was a difference in the effect of the type of material on the amount of nutrient content of organic fertilizer, 3) Water hyacinth that addition with corncobs waste had a higher amount nutrient in several elements namely C, N, K, C/N. Whereas organic fertilizer with addition soybean dregs had a higher amount of content in the element P.

Biology is a science built on various concepts, one of them is the concept of ecology. The difference in conceptual understanding from what has been agreed by experts is described as a misconception that can impact decision making including students’ learning outcomes. It is crucial to identify the existing misconception in ecological material to avoid sustainable misconception during studying ecological material, because misconception can impact students’ learning outcomes during learning. This study aims to produce a valid ecology misconception test instrument for 10th-grade high school students. This research is development research conducted using 4D research design consisting of 4 stages, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate. This ecology misconception test instrument was developed using three-tier test method on ecology material to map students’ conceptual understanding of ecological material. The parameter used is the instrument test validity, including the content, construction, and language aspects determined by calculating the percentage of profit validity for each item according to the aspects tested. The validation process of this misconception test instrument was reviewed by 3 validators consisting of ecologists, assessment experts, and high school biology teachers. Validation is done by assessing each item on the suitability of the aspects being assessed, and the data was carried out in a descriptive quantitatively by calculating the percentage of instrument validity. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the ecology misconception instrument test with a three-tier test method developed was valid in the aspect of the material is 98,40%, construction is 94,58%, and language is 99,50% and the average result after analyzing for each question item is 98,95%. Keywords: misconception, ecology, instrument, validity.