Ramsiya T. Mannapova

Candidamycosis of the digestive tract (CDT) causes significant economic damage to the poultry industry. It is poorly studied in quails, appears suddenly and is fatal in 90‑100% of cases. The causes of CDT of quails are various factors: violation of conditions and technologies of keeping, feeding, veterinary manipulations, which are perceived by the organism of young quails as stress factors. In the stressed organism the reproduction of opportunistic Candida albicans with increased virulence factors is activated. In this regard, it is necessary to search for drugs that do not have a suppressive effect on the quail organism and contribute to the restoration of the disturbed immune status and microbiocenosis against the background of the development of Candida albicans. Such preparations include biologically active bee products (BAPP). In the bone marrow of CDT-infected quails, when wax moth extracts (EWM), drone homogenate extracts (EDH) and propolis extracts (EP) are added to the diet: a) the production of pseudo-eosinophils is stabilized and phagocytosis is restored; b) inflammatory reactions are stopped, which is manifested by a decrease in the number of lymphocytes; c) the production of erythroid cells is increased. These extracts contribute to the restoration of the microbiota of the large intestine: a) the content of normoflora increases (Lactobacillus spp. – 6.38; 10.0 and 8.84 times, Bifidobacterium spp. – 4.53; 8.31 and 6.81 times); b) the multiplication of opportunistic microorganisms is inhibited compared to the reference values (Candida albicans – 3.3; 4.61 and 3.97 times; Staphylococcus aureus – 4.0; 7.78 and 4.51 times; Pseudomonas spp. – 3.05; 5.32 and 3.95 times).

Заболеваемость кандидамикозами пищеварительного тракта птиц регистрируется нечасто. Они возникают неожиданно, но летальность у молодняка достигает 95–100 %. Целью работы явилось изучить степень формирования и становления под влиянием биологически активных продуктов пчеловодства, характер восстановления на фоне кандидамикозов пищеварительного тракта (КПТ) птиц механизмов естественной иммунной защиты. Объектом исследования служили перепела мясной японской породы с 10- до 90-суточного возраста. Применение экстрактов восковой моли, трутневого гомогената пчел и прополиса (ЭВМ, ЭТГ и ЭП) способствовало повышению генетически заложенных потенциальных возможностей естественного гуморального и клеточного звена иммунитета здоровых перепелов и на фоне развития КПТ. Установлено повышение лизоцимной активности сыворотки крови под влиянием ЭВМ, ЭТГ и ЭП максимально, в пределах физиологических величин, у здоровых перепелов в 1,65; 3,44 и 2,13 раза, у больных КПТ – в 3,44; 5,38 и 4,93 раза; активизация бактерицидной активности сыворотки крови у здоровых птиц – в 1,40; 1,98 и 1,92 раза, у больных КПТ – в 2,18; 2,84 и 2,28 раза; повышение фагоцитарной активности альвеолярных макрофагов у здоровых перепелов – в 1,23; 1,38 и 1,31 раза, у больных КПТ – в 1,85; 2,67 и 1,88 раза. Более выраженные иммуностимулирующие свойства проявляет экстракт трутневого гомогената, затем прополиса, и незначительно уступает им экстракт восковой моли. The incidence of candidamycosis of the avian digestive tract (CDT) is infrequent. They occur unexpectedly, but the mortality rate in young animals reaches up to 95–100 %. The aim of the work was to study the degree of formation and development of natural immune defense mechanisms under the influence of biologically active bee products and the nature of restoration of the birds digestive tract during the candidamycosis. The object of the study was Japanese meat quails from 10 to 90 days of age. The application of extracts of wax moth, bee drone homogenate and propolis contributed to an increase in the activity of the genetic capabilities of the natural humoral and cellular of immunity in healthy quails and during CDT. An increase in the lysozyme activity of blood serum under the influence of extracts of wax moth, bee drone homogenate and propolis was found to be maximum, within the limits of physiological values, in healthy quails by 1.65; 3.44 and 2.13 times, in sick birds with CDT – 3.44; 5.38 and 4.93 times. The activation of bactericidal activity of blood serum increased in healthy birds – by 1.40; 1.98 and 1.92 times, in sick birds with CDT – 2.18; 2.84 and 2.28 times; phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages increased in healthy quails by 1.23; 1.38 and 1.31 times, in sick birds with CDT – 1.85; 2.67 and 1.88 times. The extract of bee drone homogenate has more significant immune-stimulating properties, followed by propolis, and the extract of wax moth is not significantly inferior to them.

Candidamycosis causes significant damage to the poultry industry. Mortality rate in young birds reaches 95100 %. The aim of the study was to optimize formation and intestinal colonization resistance under the influence of biologically active bee products (BABP) and the features of recovery in birds infected with candidamycosis of digestive tract (CDT). Studies were carried out on Japanese meat 10-day-old to 90-day-old quails. All the studied beekeeping products extracts of wax moth, drone homogenate and propolis contribute to the stabilization of the hidden genetically laid down mechanisms of natural intestinal microbiocenosis in healthy quails bred in captivity, without causing damage to the body, restoring the balance of normoflora and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms to physiological values. However, a constant complex of stressors encountered during bird breeding, associated with the conditions of keeping, feeding, veterinary and zootechnical measures, lead to a significant activation of Candida albicans in large intestine, with the subsequent development of candidiasis of digestive tract, deep dysbacterioses, characterized by increased reproduction and increase in the content of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms: Candida albicans by 8.34 times, Staphylococcus aureus by 4.37 times, Pseudomonas spp. by 3.29 times; inhibition of reproduction and decrease in the level of normoflora: Lactobacillus spp. by 6.0 times, Bifidobacterium spp. by 7.25 times. The use of extracts of wax moth, drone homogenate and propolis in candidamycosis-i nfected birds contributed to restoration of quail intestinal microbiocenosis, which was manifested by: a) decrease in the level of opportunistic pathogenic Candida albicans by 3.3; 4.61 and 3.97 times; Staphylococcus aureus by 4.0; 7.78 and 4.5 times; Pseudomonas spp. by 3.05; 5.32 and 3.96 times; b) activation and increase of normoflora: Lactobacillus spp. by 6.38; 10.0 and 8.84 times; Bifidobacterium spp. by 5.36; 8.42 and 7.5 times.

Urinary tract infections occupy a special niche among diseases of infectious etiology. Many microorganisms associated with urinary tract infections, such as Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterococcus spp., Morganella morganii, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., and Candida spp., can form biofilms. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the enzyme L-lysine-Alpha-oxidase (LO) produced by the fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on the biofilm formation process of microorganisms associated with urinary tract infections. Homogeneous LO showed a more pronounced effect than the culture liquid concentrate (cCL). When adding samples at the beginning of incubation, the maximum inhibition was observed in relation to Enterococcus faecalis 5960—cCL 86%, LO 95%; Enterococcus avium 1669—cCL 85%, LO 94%; Enterococcus cloacae 6392—cCL 83%, LO—98%; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3057—cCL 70%, LO—82%. The minimum inhibition was found in Candida spp. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out, and numerous morphological and structural changes were observed in the cells after culturing the bacterial cultures in a medium supplemented with homogeneous LO. For example, abnormal division was detected, manifesting as the appearance of joints in places where the bacteria diverge. Based on the results of this work, we can draw conclusions about the possibility of inhibiting microbial biofilm formation with the use of LO; especially significant inhibition was achieved when the enzyme was added at the beginning of incubation. Thus, LO can be a promising drug candidate for the treatment or prevention of infections associated with biofilm formation.

The purpose of the research is to improve the system of prevention of candidiasis of the digestive tract of birds in quail farms. The research was carried out in the laboratories of the Russian State Agrarian University – the Timirya-zev Moscow Agricultural Academy. Quails of group 1 are healthy (control, without introducing biologically active bee products into the diet). Birds of the groups 2 and 6 were affected by candidiasis of the digestive tract. The birds of the groups 1 and 2 were in the same feeding and keeping conditions with quails of 3, 4, 5 (healthy) and 6 experimental groups, no additional manipulations were carried out with them. Wax moth extract was added to the diet of the birds of group 3, drone homogenate extract was added to the group 4, propolis extract was added to the group 5, propolis extract was added to the group 6 against the background of candidiasis of the digestive tract. It was found that the extract of cherry homogenate has a high biological activity, slightly inferior to it is the extract of propolis and then the extract of wax moth. The maximum increase in immunocompetent structural components – perivascular lymphoid couplings of the spleen of birds of groups 3, 4 and 5 was observed on day 60, compared with the data of quails of the group 2 affected by candidamycosis of the digestive tract, by 6.67, 8.89 and 7.78 times, the cortical substance of the thymus by 2.65, 3.39 and 2.79 times. To restore the morphofunctional activity of the spleen and thymus against the background of candidiasis of the digestive tract, propolis extract was selected as a more environmentally friendly and economical product for using in quail farming. Against the background of the development of candidamycosis of the digestive tract of quails (group 6), it contributed to the formation of T-dependent immunocompetent perivascular lym-phoid couplings of the spleen, which exceeded the indicator of the birds group 2 by the end of the experiment by 6.41 times, the cortical substance of the thymus by 2.46 times, which contributed to the strengthening of antibody processes in the spleen, slowing the timing of thymus involution in as a result of activation and restoration of the im-mune mechanisms of the whole organism of the birds.

The purpose of the research is to improve the system of prevention of candidiasis of the digestive tract of birds in quail farms. The red bone marrow is the central organ of immunity, in which myelopoiesis occurs – the formation of all shaped elements, the composition of which varies depending on different processes occurring in the body. The red bone marrow responds to the development of candidiasis of the digestive tract in the organ by immunocellular reac-tions aimed at protecting and restoring the body. The research was carried out in the laboratories of the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Beekeeping and Aquaculture of the Russian State Agrarian University – the Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy. The experiments were carried out on quails of the Japanese breed. The birds of group 1 served as a control – healthy. Quails of groups 2, 3 and 4 are affected by candidiasis of the digestive tract. The birds of groups 1 and 2 were in the same feeding and keeping conditions with quails of groups 3 and 4 of the experimental groups, but no additional manipulations were carried out with them. Quails of group 3 were subject-ed to traditional antimycotic therapy with nystatin, from the age of 30 days. Propolis extract was introduced into the diet of birds with candidamycosis of group 4. The authors determined the nature of the production of the main cell sprouts by the red bone marrow against the background of candida-mycoses of the digestive tract, and established the degree of restoration of the myelogram against the background of traditional antimycotic therapy with nystatin and propolis extract. Against the background of the development of candidiasis of the digestive tract, cytological disorders develop in the myelogram of quails in the form of an increase in the production of neutrophils by 1.55 times, eosino-phils by 2.18 times, lymphocytes by 2.03 times and a decrease in the number of erythroid germ cells by 2.13 times. Traditional antimycotic therapy is not effective, because nystatin itself has a pronounced suppressive effect on the stressed body of young animals. Propolis extract contributes to the sparing effect and restoration of the functional activity of the red bone marrow and the balance of the cytological picture of the myelogram of birds.

In recent years, pathogenic forms of Candida albicans have been activated and isolated in aquariums of commercially valuable fish and in closed water systems (CWIs). They largely colonise the digestive tube and lead to the death of 95‑100% of fish. Treatment methods for aquarium fish bred for food purposes are ecologically and economically unjustified, as the preparations retain a certain toxicity. In this regard, it is necessary to search for environmentally friendly methods of prevention and therapy of candidaemiasis in aquariums and CWIs. It was found that propolis in complex with methylene blue promotes complete elimination of toxicity and suppressive action of sensitizers, inhibition of increased reproduction of Candida in the organism of Oreochromis niloticus, strengthening of haematopoiesis processes, increase of neutrophils, monocytes and activation of phagocytosis. In comparison with the data of the infected fish of group 2, the level of neutrophils increased by 1.63, 1.6, 1.82 and 1.67 times, monocytes by 1.94, 2.58, 3.08 and 3.1 times on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th day of the experiment. This contributed to the restoration of the functional activity of cells and phagocytic reactions in the organism of O. niloticus, increasing the ecological environment, productivity and quality of the obtained dietary protein, meat rich in essential fatty acids omega‑3 and -6.

Chronic otitis externa of dogs is a significant problem due to the prevalence and complexity of the treatment of such animals. There is evidence that in 60–80% of cases of infectious diseases microorganisms located in the biofilm phenotype play the main role. Microorganisms in the biofilm phenotype have a number of advantages, the most significant of which is considered to be increased resistance to various external factors. Among them, a special place is occupied by resistance to antibiotics. In recent decades, research has been conducted at an increasing scale on the role of biofilm infections in various pathologies in veterinary medicine. The etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis biofilm has not been fully studied. This is why we consider relevant the scientific and practical aspects of research on the etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa from the position of biofilm infection. In this work, it has been statistically proven that there is a relationship between the optical density of Malassezia pachydermatis biofilms and their sensitivity to drugs, and this relationship is statistically significant. In addition, we have demonstrated that Farnesol has a good antibiofilm effect at a concentration of more 1.6 μM/mL (24% OD decrease of biofilm), and its highest antibiofilm effect (71–55%—more than a half) was observed at a concentration of 200–12.5 μM/mL.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the degree of disruption and restoration of the balance of metabolic process catalysts, vitamins in the liver, with candidiasis of the digestive tract of geese against the background of the use of the enzyme lithiase in combination with adaptogens. Candidiasis is a predisposing factor for the development of mycotoxicosis, the primary and secondary cause of associative infections, invasions, diseases of non-infectious etiology. In goose farms, candidamycosis occurs spontaneously, against the background of stress factors of various nature. In cases of non-application of timely emergency measures, the mortality of young animals reaches 80-100%. The search for effective preventive measures and therapy remains an unsolved problem to date. In this regard, the influence of candidiasis of the digestive tract of geese on the processes of assimilation of vitamins by the body and restoration of their balance in the liver was studied. The experiments were carried out on goslings of the Linda breed in the farms of the Republic of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. Laboratory research were carried out in the conditions of republican scientific and production laboratories and laboratories of the Department of Microbiology and Immunol-ogy of the Russian State Agrarian University – the Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy. Birds were divided into 7 groups according to the principle of analogues: the first (control) – healthy individuals, the second-seventh – indi-viduals affected by candidiasis of the digestive tract. No manipulations were carried out with geese of the second group, the young of the third were treated with the antimycotic nystatin, the fourth with the enzyme lithiase, the fifth with lithiase with probiotic, the sixth with lithiase with propolis, the seventh with a complex of lithiase with probiotic and propolis. The material was taken before the start of the experiment on the 7th day (background), and then on 14-, 30-, 60-, 90-e day. It has been found that microbn wawrunzim liticase in complex with probiotic subtilis C and propolisom con-tribute to the ubiquity of urovnya water-and gyrorasimarticum vitamin in roasted: B1 in 8.00; B2 in 4.00; B6 in 6.00; B12 in 9.00; C in 5.00; A in 4.00; E in 8.00.

The aim of the research is to develop a scientifically based system for changing the morphofunctional reactions of blood cells in candidiasis of the digestive tract of geese and their recovery under the influence of a microbial enzyme preparation lithiase with adaptogens: probiotic and propolis to improve the safety and egg productivity of birds. Can-didiasis of the digestive tract of geese all over the world causes significant economic damage. The traditional method of antimycotic therapy is not effective, the mortality of goslings reaches 80-100%. Blood tests of Linda geese were carried out from 7 to 90 days of age. The research material was taken before the start of the experiment (in 7-day – old goslings) – background, and then on the 14th, 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 150th days from the start of the drug administration. Birds, according to the principle of analogues, were divided into 7 groups. The first group – control – healthy birds, 2-7 groups – goslings, patients with candidomycosis of the digestive tract. No therapeutic manipulations were carried out with the birds of group 2. Geese of 3 groups were subjected to traditional antibiotic therapy with nystatin, 4 groups – enzyme therapy with Lithiase, 5 groups – enzyme therapy on the background of probiotic therapy with Subtilis-C, 6 groups – enzyme therapy on the background of propolis therapy, 7 groups – com-plex enzyme therapy on the background of pro-biotic and propolis therapy. The use of the enzyme preparation of lithiase in combination with probiotic and propolis contributes to the restoration of morphofunctional blood parame-ters: an increase in the level of basophils by 2.4 times; pseudoeosinophils – by 2.93; eosinophils – by 2.52; lympho-cytes – by 7.15; monocytes – by 11.8 times, as well as an increase in the egg productivity of geese: an increase in egg production by 1.59 times, an increase in egg mass by 1.67 times, an improvement in the incubation qualities of eggs and an increase in the safety of geese by 2.42 times.