Luciene da Cruz Fernandes

Objective: the aim of the study was to analyze the retrocochlear function of full-term children born small for gestational age (SGA) compared to children of the same age range born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Methods: cross-sectional comparative and analytical study in a sample of 36 children born full-term term, aged between 5 and 9 years old, of both sexes, divided into two groups: case group (SGA: n = 24) and control group (AGA: n = 12). The study analyzed pure-tone auditory thresholds, contralateral acoustic reflexes and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) (absolute latency of waves I, III and V and I-III, III-V and I-V interpeak intervals). We analyzed the acquired data comparing the SGA and AGA groups, using Student’s t test for quantitative variables and Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical variables and setting the level of significance at p <0.05. Results: although the hearing threshold was normal in both groups, we found statistical significant differences between the groups in the acoustic reflexes at a frequency of 2 kHz in the left ear (p = 0.032) and, in the BAEP, in wave III in the right ear (p = 0.033) and left ear (p = 0.021) and in the I-III interpeak interval (p = 0.005) in the right ear. Conclusion: children born full-term and small for gestational age may exhibit retrocochlear dysfunction despite having normal peripheral hearing thresholds. Therefore, children born SGA should be considered at potential risk for alterations in the integrity of the auditory pathways, and periodic audiological follow-up is recommended, particularly during school age (5 to 9 years), in order to identify possible late-onset manifestations.

Introduction. Traumatic brain injury can result in oculomotor and vestibular dysfunctions, impacting balance, often associated with dizziness. The detailed characterization of these deficits has not yet been consolidated. Objective. To describe characteristics of oculomotor dysfunctions and complaints of dizziness in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Method. This is a systematic review, based on PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO. The search was performed in PubMed and BVS databases. Observational studies that evaluated eye movements and dizziness in these individuals were included. Studies with animals, use of medications, samples smaller than ten participants and non-indexed publications were excluded. Results. Eleven articles were selected, seven of which were included, published between 2015 and 2024. Deficits in saccades, smooth pursuit and vestibulo-ocular reflex were identified, in addition to alterations in tests such as nystagmus, nullification of vertical and torsional alignment, Gaze Stabilization Test and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Some studies described a relationship between the Dizziness Handicap Inventory and a greater number of oculomotor dysfunctions. Conclusion. Individuals with traumatic brain injury, in addition to complaining of persistent dizziness, often have oculomotor dysfunctions, suggesting that the integrity of the oculomotor system is often compromised in these cases.

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term audiological consequences of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndrome. The cochlea and inner ear express thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) in developmental stages. Hearing loss is frequent in subjects with RTH syndrome; however, the long-term impact of insufficient thyroid hormone action in the auditory system remains unknown. Subjects with RTH from the same family, carrying a THRB gene variant, underwent detailed clinical evaluation and serum biochemistry analysis. The genetic [...] ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term audiological consequences of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndrome. The cochlea and inner ear express thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) in developmental stages. Hearing loss is frequent in subjects with RTH syndrome; however, the long-term impact of insufficient thyroid hormone action in the auditory system remains unknown. Subjects with RTH from the same family, carrying a THRB gene variant, underwent detailed clinical evaluation and serum biochemistry analysis. The genetic

Introdução: O peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional influenciam a qualidade de vida das crianças e devem ser levados em consideração na avaliação de aspectos do desenvolvimento. Objetivo: verificar o desempenho em avaliação do vocabulário expressivo de crianças nascidas a termo e pequenas para a idade gestacional e compará-lo com crianças nascidas a termo e com peso adequado para a idade gestacional. Método: estudo transversal, do tipo analítico, com amostras por conveniência, não-pareada, aninhada a uma coorte. Avaliaram-se 36 crianças, entre quatro e sete anos, sendo 24 (66,7%) classificadas como pequenas para a idade gestacional e 12 (33%) adequadas para a idade gestacional. O vocabulário expressivo foi avaliado pelo teste de linguagem infantil ABFW. Os resultados foram avaliados por análise descritiva e analítica, utilizando o teste t não pareado, o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste exato de Fisher, com nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: a média de designação do vocábulo usual foi inferior em todos os campos semânticos, exceto no campo conceitual vestuário. Identificaram-se, ainda, diferenças para meio de transporte (p=0,002) e formas/cores (p=0,011). A média de não designação foi acima ou igual em todos os campos conceituais, observando-se diferença significativa para alimentos (p= 0,019), móveis/ utensílios (p=0,020) e locais (p= 0,049). As médias do processo de substituição foram mais elevadas, na maioria dos campos semânticos, com diferença apenas para meio de transporte (p= 0,002).Conclusão: crianças pequenas para a idade gestacional nascidas a termo apresentaram desempenho abaixo do esperado nas provas de vocabulário expressivo quando comparadas com as crianças adequadas para a idade gestacional a termo.

Introduction Factors of intrauterine growth restriction have been responsible for the births of full-term babies small for their gestational age (SGA). Scientific evidence points that this restriction can cause changes in the neural maturation process. Objectives To analyze the absolute latencies and interpeak intervals of brainstem auditory evoked potential waves in full-term and SGA children to investigate whether there are changes of neural maturation in this population. Data Synthesis The search for articles that reported the assessment of brainstem auditory evoked potential in SGA newborns compared with a control, appropriate for their gestational age, both born full-term, for the entire period available in the database research until October 31, 2021 was performed based on the MEDLINE/PubMed Central and on the Latin America and the Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and Virtual Health Library electronic databases. A total of 311 studies were found in the database research. Out of this total, 10 studies were included in the review, 5 of which were eligible for the meta-analysis, involving a total of 473 participants of both genders, with 193 participants belonging to the study group and 280 to the control group. Differences between the groups were only observed in the absolute latency of wave V (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02–0.15; p < 0.01). Conclusion The SGA condition is responsible for the appearance of brainstem neural conduction dysfunction measured by the brainstem auditory evoked potentials, probably by the maturation process of the auditory pathway of this population.

Purpose To investigate the functionalities of the neural pathways through the auditory evoked potentials of the brainstem and the contralateral stapedial acoustic reflexes in normal-hearing individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, in order to detect possible alterations in the central auditory pathways. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with a comparison group and a convenience sample, consisting of 32 individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 20 controls without the disease. All subjects had hearing thresholds within normal limits and type A tympanometric curves. The acoustic reflex arc and brainstem auditory potentials were investigated. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 17.0. The Chi-square test, Student´s t-test, and Multiple linear regression were used. Results The auditory thresholds of the acoustic reflex were statistically lower in the group with the disease at frequencies of 0.5 kHz and 1.0 kHz in the left ear (p=0.01 and p=0.01, respectively). The absolute latencies III and V of the auditory potentials of the brainstem in the right ear and V in the left ear were increased in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (p=0.03, p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). Conclusion The findings suggest that subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus are more likely to present alterations in the central auditory pathways, even with auditory thresholds within normal limits.

Objective: To perform a systematic review in order to verify the association between full-term birth of small for gestational age (SGA) children and the outcomes in the development of oral language. Data source: Articles from MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Lilacs, SciELO and Cochrane Library databases were identified, selected and critically evaluated by two independent reviewers and a judge, blindly, without language restriction and publication period. The PRISMA tool was used, and original studies with a theme involving children born full-term and SGA were included, outcome related to aspects of oral language development, as well as the use of tests, scales and/or specific questionnaires for the investigation, whose methodology was described in full, with children as the target population. Data synthesis: The researchers included nine articles based on the eligibility criteria. Studies have shown that being born SGA can interfere in aspects related to language and reported greater chances of under performance in SGA children when compared to children with appropriate size for gestational age. It was observed that the different studies did not have a uniform design, and the objectives were quite diverse. Furthermore, few of them had as focus issues related to the assessment of language, as well as the variability of instruments used to investigate this domain. Conclusions: The effects of low weight for gestation age in full-term infants continue beyond the neonatal period and may impact on children’s performance, mainly with regard to oral language development.

Resumo Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática para verificar a associação entre o nascimento a termo de crianças pequenas para a idade gestacional (PIG) e os desfechos no desenvolvimento da linguagem oral. Fontes de dados: Artigos dos bancos de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, SciELO e Cochrane Library foram identificados, selecionados e avaliados criticamente por dois revisores independentes e um juiz, às cegas, sem restrições de idioma e período de publicação. A ferramenta PRISMA foi utilizada e foram incluídos estudos originais envolvendo crianças nascidas a termo e PIG, desfechos relacionados a aspectos do desenvolvimento da linguagem oral, bem como o uso de testes, escalas e/ou questionários específicos para a investigação, cuja metodologia estava descrita na íntegra, com crianças como população-alvo. Síntese dos dados: Nove artigos foram incluídos a partir dos critérios de elegibilidade. Os estudos demonstraram que nascer PIG pode interferir em aspectos relacionados à linguagem e relataram que as chances de crianças PIG apresentarem um desempenho inferior são maiores quando comparadas as com tamanho adequado para a idade gestacional. Observou-se que os diferentes estudos não tinham um delineamento uniforme e seus objetivos eram bastante diversificados. Além disso, poucos focavam em questões relacionadas à avaliação da linguagem e foi possível notar uma variabilidade de instrumentos utilizados para investigar esse domínio. Conclusões: Os efeitos do baixo peso ao nascer em nascidos a termo persistem além do período neonatal e podem ter impacto no desempenho infantil, principalmente no que se refere ao desenvolvimento da linguagem oral.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o uso de processos fonológicos produtivos no grupo de crianças nascidas a termo e pequenas para a idade gestacional e compará-lo com crianças adequadas para a idade gestacional. Método Estudo observacional, analítico, do tipo caso-controle, não pareado, aninhado a uma coorte com o desfecho alteração fonológica. Foram avaliadas 36 crianças de acordo com o cálculo amostral pré-estabelecido, sendo 24(66,7%) sem alterações fonológicas e 12(33,3) com alteração fonológica. Dessas, 24(66,7%) crianças foram classificadas como pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG) e 12(33%), como adequada para a idade gestacional (AIG). Os aspectos fonológicos da linguagem oral foram avaliados pelo teste de linguagem infantil ABFW (2004). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e a fim de avaliar a existência de associação entre as variáveis categóricas, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher de associação. Resultados O grupo PIG apresentou significativamente maior número de processos fonológicos que alteram a estrutura da sílaba quando comparado ao grupo AIG. Observou-se que os processos fonológicos presentes e não esperados para idade na população PIG foram: plosivação de fricativa, simplificação de líquidas, posteriorização e frontalização de palatal, ensurdecimento de plosivas e fricativas, além da simplificação do encontro consonantal e simplificação de consoante final, que foram os de maior ocorrência em ambos os grupos. Conclusão Embora não tenha sido encontrada associação entre alterações fonológicas e crianças PIG, observou-se maior uso de processos fonológicos produtivos neste grupo.